Copy Rights Free Essays

Why there Is piracy? There must be reasons for piracy. Piracy Is a committed by people for a number of reasons. Some of the reasons for this act are Identified below: To enjoy services or entertainment at low cost prices or no cost to the consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Copy Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now Expo: Music, games, videos, software from internet. For profit Competitive Advantage Sabotage 3. What is law? Malaysia’s copyright act 1987 came into effect on 1 December 1987, replacing the copyright act 1969. The 1987 act confers copyright on and protects computer programs (software). The 1987 act amended in 1990 to ensure compliance with the prescribed standards and minimum requirements under the Berne Convention. The copyright (application to other countries) Regulations 1990 came into force on 1 October 1 990, the day Malaysia acceded to the Berne Convention. [ source: http:// www. Abs. Org/Malaysia/intricacy/Piracy-and-the-Law. Com ] Point: Source: www. Slideshows. Net/Lonny/copyright-and-piracy-from-moral-and-legal- attendants-cit-presentation 1 . Copyright is a form of legal protection that grants people who create and produce material the exclusive rights to control certain uses of that material from being reproduced without the permission of the copyright owner. 2. Why Piracy E-SST The price For profit/competitive advantages 3. Moral Issues Give a chance to the creator to able to make a living and provide jobs for many other Decrease the chance to get problems. Note from Facial: Please find more and add. How to cite Copy Rights, Papers

Effectiveness of Mouthwash

Question: Describe about effectiveness of mouthwash using a chlorhexidine solution in theadults patient in reducing prevalence of ventilator associated pneumonia in the adult Intensive Care Unit? Answer: Background The patients who are critically ill, have been ventilated mechanically for a time longer than 48 hours, have the risk of developing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP). It is a hospital acquired infection that develops in patients during the process of treatment within the hospital setting and is not present at the time of admission. The pathogenesis of VAP is actuallywhen bacteria enters into the lower respiratory tracts and overwhelms the patients defenses. The chances of mechanically ventilated patients developing VAP are between 9% and 27% with a high mortality rate where 33-50% of patients acquiring VAP dying. Approximately one-third patients in ICUs receive mechanical ventilation as support therapy. When a chest radiograph of a patient shows a progressive or new infiltrate, cavitations, consolidations, or pleural effusions along with one or all of the following symptoms: change in color or new onset of purulent sputum, increase or reduction in white blood cells, organisms cultured from blood, bronchial brushing, etiological agent isolation by transtracheal aspirate or increase in temperature, VAP can be identified in the patient (Synders, Khondowe and Bell, 2011). The risk factors identified with VAP are: staffs inadequate hand washing, ventilator circuit management practices, antibiotic therapy previously, patients supine positioning without backrest elevation, nasogastric alkalinization or the presence of a nasogastric tube. According to the Institute of Healthcare improvements ventilator bundle, a 30 or more elevation of patients bed head, prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis and peptic ulcer, sedation vacation, and assessing readiness to extubate may reduce risk of complications with mechanical ventilation (Munro et al., 2009). Oropharyngeal colonization, aspiration, gastric colonization and compromised lung defences are the factors associated with VAP development. The pooling of micro-aspiration of the secretion with bacteria which is above the endotracheal cuff of patients intubated results in the respiratory tract. Chlor-hexidine, a cationic chlorophenyl bis-biguanide which is an antiseptic agent, binds the oral tissues along with subsequently releasing the antiseptic properties slowly enabling long period of anti-bacterial action and hence has been used in mechanically ventilated patients as an oral disinfectant (Synders, Khondowe and Bell, 2011). Inclusion Criteria Studies Randomized controlled studies that uses the comparative groups, published in English in order to investigate the oral chlorhexidine like a decontaminant in VAP prevention in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adult patients were included. Interventions Studies that analyzed the usage of oral chlorhexidine against the tooth brushing, placebo and/or oral care interventions comparators to decrease in VAP in critically ill, and in patients who are mechanically ventilated, were focused. Participants Study participants had to be mechanically ventilated, aged 18 years or older, critically ill and admitted to the ICU. Outcome Measures To the measure the reduction in prevalence of VAP in those who are mechanically ventilated as well as critically ill ICU patients was the primary outcome interest. Exclusion Criteria Studies that were excluded included the research not investigating the VAP even if chlorhexidine was used, study of patients below 18 years, patients with known allergy or hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine, edentulous patients, extubated patients and patients already clinically diagnosed with pneumonia at the start of study. Incomplete study or data within studies included, unavailability of full-text articles and high attrition rates are the exclusion criteria for this review. Methodology Search Strategy An extensive search was undertaken for literature of published clinical trials that report prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia with the use of chlorhexidine in case of oral care. Electronic databases searched to identify sources for relevant studies included MEDLINE, NCBI, and the University of Adelaide libraries. The reference list of articles and summaries were examined. Search terms such as Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia,chlorhexidine, mechanically ventilated patients, oral care,hospital acquired pneumonia, oral hygiene and mouthwash were used for the search. Data Collection The titles of the articles obtained by employing the search terms mentioned were considered and those that were relevant to the study on hand were identified. The articles were retrieved and reviewed considering the criteria mentioned for inclusion. The relevant articles were reviewed and analyzed independently to determine the quality of methodology. The methodological quality was assessed using quality assessment form freely available in Cochrane website. The external and internal validities of the RCTs were addressed by the assessment. Data Extraction To collect information from relevant studies, a data extraction tool was employed. An initial study determined the practicality of the study, range of search, testing as well as extraction tools. The tool included baseline characteristics such as citation, study id, setting, methodology, population, and sample size. Treatment effect measures The treatment effect measurement choice was the usage of the random effects model which is Mantel Haenszel method, risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals for weighted mean difference and intervals for dichotomous data. The value set for p was 0.05. Missing Data All studies included randomized the patients to a treatment or a group that can control it. Wherever pertinent data were missing from the trials included, it was called the absence of the results that add value to the study. Data Synthesis A statistical analysis software package, Review Manager was used for analysis where all the data was entered. The Cochrane Collaboration website offers the software for free. The included studies differed from each other with regard to age, trial settings, methods of treatment etc. The use of the random effects model allows the distribution of effects, and provides a combined estimate and average of value distribution. The effects of interventions were demonstrated using Forest plots. Subgroup analysis After identifying clinical diversity, subgroup analysis was conducted with respect to the varying concentrations of chlorhexidine used. Data was entered into review manager to obtain sensitivity analysis. Validity, Reliability and Quality These assessments of the study data was confirmed by initializing and employing a standardized form of data extraction from the Cochrane Collaboration. Results Using the random effects model, a pooled risk ratio of 0.64 was obtained. The possibility of critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients who acquire VAP while using chlorhexidine was found to be 36% less likely than in the controls. The result was consistent with a previous meta-analysis done by Chelbicki and Safdar in 2007 yielding a ratio of 0.70. Chan et al, in 2007 conducted a trial on effect of antiseptic oral decontamination on VAP and the results showed a significant reduction in with a ratio of 0.56. 2% chlorhexidine demonstrated a significant effect on VAP incidence. Patients with more underlying co-morbidities and multiple medical problems have a period of ventilation and intubation exceeding 24 to 48 hours and are found to be more prone to developing VAP and a host of other infections (Chan et al., 2007). Critical analysis Ironically, the use of chlorhexidine 0.12% or 2% was not found to reduce VAP occurrence. Therefore results obtained supported only the use of 2% chlorhexidine for reducing VAP in critically ill patients. Also, all studies except one reported blinding of assessors. This shows that bias could have been involved in studies that never reported blinding if blinding of assessors did not happen. The studies showed no effect of chlorhexidine in decreasing the mortality though. Owing to the limited number of trials that were carried out, it can be recommended that more studies need to be carried out on the administration procedure, optimal concentration and dosage of chlorhexidine even though 2% concentration had showed positive results. References 1. Berry, A., Davidson, P., Masters, J. and Rolls, K. (2007). Systematic Literature Review of Oral Hygiene Practices for Intensive Care Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation. American Journal of Critical Care, 16(6), pp.552 - 562.2. Chan, E., Ruest, A., Meade, M. and Cook, D. (2007). Oral decontamination for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 334(7599), pp.889-889.3. Chlebicki, M. and Safdar, N. (2007). Topical chlorhexidine for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A meta-analysis*. Critical Care Medicine, 35(2), pp.595-602.4. Hillier, B., Wilson, C., Chamberlain, D. and King, L. (2013). Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia through Oral Care, Product Selection, and Application Method. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 24(1), pp.38-58.5. Khezri, H., Zeydi, A., Firouzian, A., Baradari, A., Mahmoodi, G., Kiabi, F. and Mogaddasifar, I. (2014). The Importance of Oral Hygiene in Prevention of Ventilator-Associ ated Pneumonia (VAP): A Literature Review. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 7(1), pp.12-23.6. Klompas, M., Speck, K., Howell, M., Greene, L. and Berenholtz, S. (2014). Reappraisal of Routine Oral Care with Chlorhexidine Gluconate for Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(5), p.751.7. Munro, C., Grap, M., Jones, D., McClish, D. and Sessler, C. (2009). Chlorhexidine, Toothbrushing, and Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill Adults. American Journal of Critical Care, 18(5), pp.428-437.8. Parsons, S., Lee, C., Strickert, D. and Trumpp, M. (2013). Oral Care and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 32(3), pp.138-145.9. Synders, O., Khondowe, O. and Bell, J. (2011). Oral chlorhexidine in the prevention of ventilatorassociated pneumonia in critically ill adults in the ICU: A systematic review. South African Journal of Critical Care, 27(2), pp.48-56.

British Airways Management Environment

Management Environment: British Airways Introduction This report involves analysis of the organisational structure of British Airways and its PEST analysis. Management and its organisation in a public limited company are vital for any company to be successful. There are different types of organisational structures, which are acceptable, in public limited companies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on British Airways Management Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One such structure is the vertical system where there are a few people at the top who make the company decisions. The number of persons increases at the middle level management and lower level positions. This kind of system is bureaucratic in nature. Horizontal structure is another form of organisation where there are few positions at the top and that increase in the next row. There are few supervisors and many equals at the low level. The final str ucture is the divisional system which involves dividing functions and responsibilities based on specialty and geography. The public limited company to be analyzed in this report is British Airways, which uses the, horizontal structure (Henry, 2008). The figure on the next page represents the organisational structure for British Airways. Figure 1: Organisation structure of British Airways (British Airways, 2009). The chief executive heads the organisational structure of British Airways, and below them, they have customers and operations executive, management board and those directly reporting to the chief executive. They are the brains behind decision making in the company. BelowAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The executive of the company, are those who are involved in implementing the decisions made by the executive. These include the communication, customers and investme nt departments (Rainey Hal, 1997). The executive then passes the mantle to the next level that ensures the running of the company is smooth at the management level. The operators at this level ensure all the technicalities of the company are put in place. The low levels ensure that all the company activities are carried out to the letter to ensure effectiveness. The breaking down of the management levels ensures that, supervisors have a few subordinates below them. This method is effective in that, the supervisors work closely with those below them a move which prove to be highly effective. The inclusion of the customers department in the company helps in better delivery of services because the representatives present the views of the customers. The organisational structure of British Airways reduces the inefficiencies which would have occurred in the execution of duty. The structure ensures that all departments are represented in the top management. This ensures that information m oves freely and efficiently through all the departments (Blau Scheonherr, 1971). The organisation of British Airways like any other company will suffer from different external pressures. The external environment of organisation affects the companies’ decision making and service delivery. The PEST analysis of the company identifies different factors which will affect British Airways’ organisational structure. The factors include political and legal factors, economic factors, social and cultural factors. Political and legal factors that affect the company include terrorism which has been on the rise in the recent years. This has led to the introduction of new security measures by the government. This has created fear among customers thus reducing their interest to travel leading to loss of market by the airline. There have been substantial regulatory reforms which have allowed many companies into the airline business thus increasing market competition. There is also dela yed decision making in the public sector, which affects the airline (Goodsell Charles, 1994). British airways being a public limited company is subject to government funding, but this funding has reduced due privatisation of part of the company. This means that decision making is no longer with the management but with the owners of the company. A major legal factor which affects British Airways is power of trade unions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on British Airways Management Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The workers trade unions have persistently demanded higher wages and benefits to their members. This has resulted to strikes, for example, those held between August 2004 to August 2005 and which affected normal functioning of the company. Economic factors will arise due to aspects such as the increase in prices of inputs of the airline business. The current insurgence in the Arab world in cou ntries such as Libya, Iraq, and Egypt has driven the prices of fuel very high. This means that, the prices of air traveling will increase thus resulting to fewer people paying for services with British Airways. These will in turn reduce the profits leading to poor service delivery. Another economic aspect is the economic recession which has hit the whole world. This has affected the airline in such a way that, it has to work with a slight budget. The number of customers has also reduced with most of them selecting the cheaper airlines and having fewer holidays. The increased competition from other airlines both local and international has limited further expansion of British Airways due to reduction in yields. There is also high inflation which has increased the cost of living of citizens. This has forced them to cut down their budgets by for example opting for less travelling and leisure so as to save. Social factors that affect the organization structures of the British airways ar e demographic, cultural changes and employer-employee relationship. These changes affect the size of the potential market together with the customer needs. The demographic changes have resulted to a grey generation who spend much on leisure and traveling. This means that the airline will have to out stretch it resources to cater for such a demand. The cultural changes have resulted in changes in lifestyle, tastes and fashions. This has resulted to customer requirement to travel to exciting ventures which might be available at airlines destination. With such changes, the airline has been forced to venture in unfamiliar territory or loss of business. The employee-employer relationship has deteriorated in the recent past with the employees striking so as to have increased salaries and to oppose mass retrenchment. This has led to massive losses to the company (Brassington Pettitt, 2007). Technological changes are other aspects that affect British airways. The technology involved the ai rline sector is expensive and fast moving. The airline lacks the funds to install systems such as check-in-system which helps customers to access information about their travel plans online.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology plays a crucial role in airline control and therefore, should be of high quality to prevent disasters. This factor forces the airline to invest in it so as to beat the competition. Changing ad implementing up to date technology ahs however been very expensive for the company. With proper investment in technology, the airline would make the work of their employees and customers easier. British airways has been successful to some extent. The company has registered success though with difficulties. These can be identified from the organizational structure and from the PEST analysis. Successes from the organizational structure are as follows: Division of management into small parts makes execution and implementation of decisions made by the executive simpler. This is because a supervisor has only a few subordinates below him or her. There is free communication between both employees and employers which have reduced on the strike actions resulting to better problem solving mec hanism. The organizational structure ensures that there is smooth running due to division of labor where an individual is aware of what is needed to be done (Golembiewski Robert, 1962). Successes based on PEST are as follows Political factors have led to the increase in security which has turned to be an advantage because customers feel secure when they are traveling with BA. This has led to increase in number of customers and in turn led to a boom in the business. Increased competition has come as a success because BA has worked to improve on it service delivery so as to remain at the top. In terms of the economic factors success is evident in the British Airways’ expansion through merger and privatization where the government has allowed an increase of individual shareholders into ownership of the business. Success from social factors is that the airline has worked hard to expand so as to cater for the growing demand from customers due to increase in population. Technologic ally, BA has highly invested to ensure they keep the same pace with the growing and fast moving technology. This has led to fast delivery of service to customers (Bohte Meier, 2001). Failures The organizational structure has led to delays in decision making and decision implementation (Wilson, 1989). This is as a result of many ranks in the structure where the real implementers are not involved in decision making. People on the ground are not involved in decision making a situation likely to lead in to opposition during implementation. Division of labor is not economical to any company because it limits flexibility in the field of work. Failures as identified from PEST analysis are as follows: Politically the government delays the decision making process because it has to be involved. The company has failed to offer best salaries to its employees resulting to strikes which affect normal operation. Economically, the company has failed to work towards new ventures likely to increase profits. Socially, the company has failed to cater for the growing demand. Technologically the company has not invested enough in technology which serves to ensure efficient service delivery (Kotler, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, organizational structure of a company is a key to its success. British Airways’ organizational structure has helped the company achieve a lot. However, the failures identified should be eliminated to increase the efficiency of the company. The company should work towards increasing investment in technology since it will help in improved service delivery. The pest analysis explains what should be done to achieve the desired status. References Blau, M. and Scheonherr, A., 1971. Structure of organization. New York: Basic books. Bohte, J. and Meier K.., 2001.Structure and performance of public organizations: Task difficulty and span control. Rochester: Oakland university press Brassington F. Pettitt, S., 2007. Principles of marketing. London: Oxfor d university press. British Airways, (2010). 2009Annual reports. Available at www.britishairways.com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0809/our_business/w orkplace.html Golembiewski, T,. 1962.Behaviour and organization. Chicago: Rand-McNally. Goodsell, C., 1994. The case of bureaucracy. New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers. Henry, A., 2008. Understanding Strategic management. London: Oxford university press. Kotler, P., 2008. Principles of marketing. New York: Nuvision. Rainey, G., 1997. Understanding and managing public organization.San Francisco: Josey- Bass Publishers. Wilson, Q., 1989. Bureaucracy. New York: Basic books. This report on British Airways Management Environment was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids 48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids 48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids By Ali Hale Are you stuck for something to write about? Or are you looking for prompts to use in the classroom? These prompts are aimed at middle school students (roughly age 11 – 14) – but younger or older writers might enjoy trying them as well. I’ve split them into different types of prompts – imaginative prompts, non-fiction/essay prompts, short story prompts and journaling prompts – but feel free to use them in any way you like. For instance, you might choose one of the imaginative prompts and use it as the basis for a story. A few of these prompts are taken from other people’s lists of writing ideas; for each of those, I’ve given you a link to the original source so you can check out the whole list if you want even more prompts. Twelve Imaginative Prompts If you found a treasure chest buried in your garden, what would you most like to discover inside? Invent an imaginary sport. What are the rules? How does the scoring work? Who typically plays it? If you had three wishes, what would you use them for and what might go wrong? Imagine that you woke up tomorrow as a member of the opposite sex. What would be different about your life? Where would you go, if you could go anywhere in the world? Who would you want to go there with? Imagine inventing a new holiday or celebration. What would you call it? When would it be celebrated? (Would it be the same date every year, like Christmas and Valentines Day, or would it move, like Thanksgiving and Easter?) What would people do during that holiday? If you were invisible for a day, where would you go and what would you do? Think of someone you dislike, or someone whose views and values are very different from your own. Now write a diary entry from their perspective, exploring why they see things this way. â€Å"  Imagine a future in which we each have a personalized robot servant. What would yours be like? What would it do? What features would it have?†(from smallworldathome.blogspot.com) â€Å"If you could live inside any video game, which would you choose?   Why?† (from journalbuddies.com) â€Å"If a wizard could tell you anything about your future, what would you most like to know?† (from edutopia.org) If you could meet any character from any book (or TV show or film), who would it be? What would you say to them, and what would they say to you? (based on a prompt from daringtolivefully.com) Twelve Non-Fiction or Essay Prompts What do you see as the biggest problem facing people your age today? Write about the most recent book you read. What was good about it (and what wasnt)? Who would you recommend it to? Who do you admire most in history and why? Whats more important: being healthy or having lots of money? Explain why you think so. How should cyber-bullying be tackled? If you ran your school, how would you change things? Does being fair mean treating everyone exactly the same? (Explain why / why not.) What do you think the world will be like in 50 years time? What will have changed for the better? What will be worse? Do you think humans will ever live on other planets? If yes, how would our society change? If no, how will we deal with problems like over-population and climate change on our own planet? Which scientific discovery or invention has changed the world the most, in your opinion? Explain why. â€Å"Many parents give children a weekly or monthly allowance regardless of their behavior because they believe an allowance teaches children to be financially responsible. Other parents only give children an allowance as a reward for completing chores or when they have behaved properly. Explain what you think parents should do and why.† (from education.depaul.edu)   Should school children wear uniforms? Why – or why not? (based on a prompt from dailyteachingtools.com) Twelve Short Story Prompts A child from the year 2300 travels back to our time. How and why? What do they find surprising (or even horrifying) about our daily lives? Start a story with this line of dialog: I wont do it, and you cant make me! Two friends send secret messages to one another through a hiding place that only they know about. One day, a message in someone elses handwriting appears in the hideout. What does it say? How do the friends react? An argument breaks out at a restaurant, where one person is clearly in the wrong. Do they back down or do they keep arguing? What happens next? A small child loses their favorite toy while on a trip to a park a long way from their home. What is the toy? Do they get it back again – if so, how? Scientists invent a medicine that makes the people who take it immune to colds and the flu but it has a side effect that no-one knows about for twenty years. What is the side effect? What happens as a result? Four young teenagers go wild camping without any adults. Their cell phones cant get a signal. Then one of them gets sick. What do they do? Someone has to face their worst fear in order to prevent something terrible from happening. What are they so afraid of? Why do they have to face it? Two enemies meet in an isolated place, by chance. One of them – who normally comes out best in any conflict – is badly hurt. How does the other person respond? â€Å"What happens when a normal girl  discovers a teleportation device in the park across from her house that only she knows how to use?† (from thejohnfox.com) â€Å"A poor young  boy or girl  comes into an unexpected fortune.  Not all fortunes are good. Sometimes discovering a fortune will destroy your life.  Ã¢â‚¬Å" (from thewritepractice.com) â€Å"Its your characters first day at a new school. He or she wants to get a fresh start, develop a new identity. But in his or her homeroom, your character encounters a kid he or she knows from summer camp† (from creative-writing-now.com) Twelve Journaling Prompts What is the best thing you’ve done this year? Why? Write about a typical (even boring!) weekday. It might seem dull now – but in 20 or 30 years, you might be fascinated to read about the little details of your life. What job or career do you want when you grow up? Why? How does your family celebrate Christmas (or any other holiday of your choice)? Write down the details and your family traditions. What one thing would make your life easier? Is it something you can go about achieving, or do you need to accept you can’t have or do it right now? How could you help someone else this week? Write a list of all your ideas. What would you do if you had a whole weekend free of any other responsibilities (chores, homework, etc)? Write a list – and if you can, choose one or two of these things to do this Write about the people in your family. What are their hopes and ambitions? What are their hobbies and interests? What’s your bedroom like? Big, small, tidy, messy? Describe it in detail. Which season of the year do you like best? Why? â€Å"Write about your favorite childhood toy.† (from dailyteachingtools.com) â€Å"Write about something that you wish you could say to someone else.  Ã‚  What is it, and whom would you like to say it to?  Ã‚  Is there anything stopping you from saying it?† (from journalbuddies.com) I hope these prompts have given you lots of ideas to write about! You might want to pick a regular time each week to tackle a writing prompt (e.g. Sunday afternoons). If you’ve got any prompts of your own to share, why not add them in the comments below? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartComma Before ButTrooper or Trouper?

Rhetorical Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhetorical Communication - Essay Example It is quite unusual to compare these forms of expression because they differ in purpose, appeal, argumentation, language usage, and eventually in literary devices presence. The most obvious difference concerns the aim of creation these two literary genres. Rhetoric always has a purpose, and its purpose is to persuade listeners in something. That is why despite the fact that Lincoln`s speech seems not to have obvious persuasion motive it is still aimed to influence the public in a certain way and provoke certain reaction. Lincoln is going to become a President for the second time and in his speech he needs to sum up his previous work. Nevertheless, he still needs to look in future that is why in his rhetoric he aims to combine his experience at president`s post with his expectations regarding future. The main topic of his speech is Civil War, and unfortunately the discussion of this topic is painful and unpleasant for the nation but the President needs to do it. In the very first paragraph Lincoln touches the topic of Civil War and outlines vague mood of the nation regarding this issue: â€Å"The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured.† Further Lincoln briefly explains the situation, the reasons, and the negative consequences of the Civil War. Emily Dickenson as a poetess explores emotional side of the event and tries to demonstrate the War from her perspective of an ordinary citizen by examining the concepts of victory and defeat: Dickenson does not need to persuade someone in something, the aim of her poetry is self- discovery, deeper reflection, and expression of opinion on the topic. However, it is possible to suggest that the purpose of the poetry is elusive as the purpose of art in general as it mostly

Critically evaluate the claim that childrens early grammars are based Essay

Critically evaluate the claim that childrens early grammars are based around lexically specific schemas - Essay Example The Verb Island hypotheses (Tomasello, 1992) was formulated to explain the lexical-centered application of grammatical rules in children’s utterances. The development of children’s acquisition of linguistic skills has been under investigation for a long while. However, no theory has received universal approbation. The arguement that young children’s verbs are independent, each developing its own mini-syntax unrelated to other verbs (Tomasello, 1992,2000) though well known in the academia, has also been criticized. According to Tomasello in the insular stage of development, children have inventory specific lexical schemas each used only for the specific predicates. This schemas are independent and do not form a grammatical pattern. It is in a later stage of growth, children develop abstract systems of construction of inter-related verbal patterns. These early absence of grammatical representations are attested by a number of recent studies. The children’s early grammatical constructions are ordered around concrete lexical material. These lexical constructions consist of a term showing relation, often a verb and an open slot meant to be filled by various elements. (Tomasello 1992,2000; Pine and Lieven 1993; Dabrowska 2000;Israel, Johnson and Brooks 2000).The short sentences are from a diary study adopted from Tomasello (1992:285ff). The utterances are from his 2-year-old daughter. The formational mechanism of the utterances shows that they are determined on the occurrence of specific lexical words. They are made up of an element with an open slot that is completed by a noun like expression. The given table identifies the following pattern: That’s_____, More_____, ______get-it. The early child parlance is marked by such lexically specific constructions. In all the multiple word combinations made by Tomasello’s 2-year-old daughter, it is possible to trace this predilection for the lexical centered speech formation. The

Ballistics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ballistics - Research Paper Example o empirical evidence to back up this claim that criminal cases have been affected because the jurors are now more well-versed in Forensic Science through these television series—making it more difficult to get a guilty verdict as jurors require more forensic evidence—a study has been conducted on 1027 jurors that show that â€Å"46 % expected to see some kind of scientific evidence in every criminal case† (Barak, Kim and Shelton, 2006 as cited in Shelton, 2008, p. 5). Now, because gun-related crimes continue to rise since 2002, with 68% of murders in the United States in the year 2006 being committed with the use of a firearm, it can be said that much of the scientific evidence being expected by jurors relate to ballistics, which is a specialized area in the field of Forensics (National Institute of Justice, 2010, para. 2). In fact, the study on â€Å"the CSI Effect† found that â€Å"32 % expected to see ballistic/firearms laboratory evidence in every criminal case† (p. 5). This introduction into Forensic Science and Ballistics does not only highlight their key role in crime-solving, but also emphasizes the role of scientific evidence in serving justice. It can be said, then, that no matter how the television series may have exaggerated some aspects of crime scene investigation, like the time the evidence is processed, it cannot be refuted that the field of Forensics and Ballistics play crucial roles in the criminal justice systemâ €”CSI Effect or not. Having established the importance of Forensic Science and Ballistics, I will now outline what this paper will contain. In the course of my paper I will provide background and history of the field and I will then examine the many changes undergone by ballistics in the 20th century. Case studies will be examined to highlight the points that I will be making. I will then conclude with some thoughts as to where the field may go in the future. Forensic Science, most commonly known by its shortened name of Forensics, is